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The history of European liberalism, by Guido De Ruggiero
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- Sales Rank: #10954571 in Books
- Published on: 1927
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Hardcover
- 476 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A Bundle of Profundity
By Daniel A. Russo
You could spend a year on this book in class. It has something interesting on every page. It does not use the idea of liberalism prevalent in the United States that is opposed to conservatism, but defines a liberal government as one which helps the individual develop his or her full range of potentialities. It covers, in depth, the history of liberalism from within various european countries, including Italy, England, France and Germany. This book was used as a text for our class in The Philosophy of Politics taught at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale in 1978 by Dr. James A. Diefenbeck (Harvard PhD 1950).
Diefenbeck (1917-2005) also wrote the book, Rights, Politics and Economics, which boils down about 2000 years of western philosophical political thought including that of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, HD Thoreau (showing how we can achieve Thoreau's goals within the US Political system, which works, proof of which is the fact that we got out of the Vietnam and Iraq wars).
I would like to spend a year on this book, and so, if there is a teacher out there who has mastered it, I would like to hear from him or her.
DR
2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A History of Ideas, Ideals, and Reality
By James E. Egolf
Guido de Ruggiero's book titled THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN LIBERALISM is a careful study of the concepts of Classical Liberalism, influences, and contradictions. Ruggiero gave careful consideration to the books re Classical Liberals and the events during the 19th. century when Classical Liberalism was a popular political movement. Ruggiero DID NOT omit the glaring contradictions and events that intruded on Classical Liberalism and the Classical Liberals themselves.
The beginning sections of the book treated such views as properity rights, hereditary rights, natural rights, civil liberties, freedom of conscience, etc. Some of these issues were discussed by 18th. century intellectuals such as Turgot (1727-1781)whose economic views conflicted with the reality of the Industrial Revolution and political smoldering that exploded into the French Revolution. The radical economic changes that the Industrial Revolution brought misery to poor farmers and towns people. An adage re the English peasants was that the sheep ate men because of the Enclosure Acts the forced removal of families from the land on which their ancestors had lived for centuries. The displaced men were "free" men in that they were free to starve. The French 18th. century thinkers tried to assess these conditions. Montesquieu (1689-1755) found a solution in his book titled SPIRIT OF THE LAWS whereby he thought that the separation of powers could at least make the political process more fair.
When the French Revolution began, neither the nobility nor French middle class knew what they exactly wanted and did not understand "what could possibly go wrong." Too many nobility and middle class men discovered what could wrong during the Reign of Terror. One man who clearly understood "what could go wrong" was Edmund Burke (1729-1797). As readers may know, events proved Burke's prognosis.
After the French Revolution and the defeat of Napoleon's forces, the "ractionaries" HAD to account for ideas unleased by the French Revolution. These ideas included Conservatism, Classical Liberalism, Socialism, and Nationalism. Classical Liberals and their political supporters had to deal with these movements as well, and Classical Liberalism had to include some tenents of the other political views. The English ended "Rotten Boroughs" in lieu of the rising industrialists. The English economists created what what known as "The Dismal Science." For example Malthus (1766-1834)wanted to get rid of the "useless poor." As an aside, he should have realized that the "useless poor" were the same people who harvested the food he ate, built and maintained roads, produced his goods and services,etc. Riccardo's (1772-1823)view of wages was depressing in spite his systematic study of economics.
Yet, some of English and French Classical Liberals had a good social agenda. Many worked hard to oppose slavery. Some of the English and French Classical Liberals launched social programs and favored the Social Gospel to improve the lot of the less fortunate and the dispossessed. Ruggiero could have given more attention to this side of Classical Liberalism.
The French Classical Liberals had to confront "reactionaries" and socialists. Jean Baptiste Say (1767-1832) created Say's Law re money supply and interest rates. Sismondi (1773-1842)was realistic enough to understand that industrialism took a terrible toll on "blue color" workers. Bastiat (1801-1850)tried to explain these contradiions only to agree with the French Socialist/Anarchist Proudhon (1809-1865). Ruggeiro remarked that Bastiat did not have the wit and caustic bon mots that Proudhon had. French Classical Liberalism faced difficulty with the rise of Napoleon III (1852-1870) and the French defeat during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
After discussing English/British and French Classical Liberalism, Ruggiero wrote an account of German Classical Liberalism which was more influenced by Conservatism, Socialism, and Nationalism. German thinkers such as Fichte (1762-1841), and Humbolt (1767-1835)dealt with "romantic" revival of Medieval German History and German unification. Many of the German princes feared "nationalism from below" and resisted efforts of unification remembering the excesses of the French Revolution. The Germans were divided into over 300 political units when Napoleon I's forces defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena in 1806. Some of the German nobility opposed the Zollverin (1833)which was an organization to promote German unification. The Classical Liberals were aware that industrialization and prosperity required unity. When William I (1862)and Bismarck (1815-1899)engineered German unification in 1871, they had to keep the German Socialists, industrial middle class (the Central Party)and the "conservatives" politically satisfied. They managed to do this. The German Classical Liberals, who were mostly Catholic, showed their political clout when they opposed Bismarck's Kulturekampf.
Ruggierro section re Italian Classical Liberalism dealt with a similar situation as the Germans. The Italians' Rennaissance which had wealth, brilliant intellectual and achievements, etc.now only had history of this glorious history. Bitter divisions existed between numerous political units and their princes. The Papal States were another obistcle to Italian unity. Mazzini (1805-1872)tried in vain to gain the unification of Italy. The Italian Classical Liberals knew as Mazzini did that the Italians did not have the military muscle to drive the Hapsbergs out of Italy. So, between 1850-1871)the Italians enlisted French help and took advantage of the French defeat during the Franco-Prussian War to unite the Italians. Ruggeiro wrote that Italian Classical Liberalism gained more support in the more properous North than in the South.
What happened to European Classical Liberalism? World War I ended all of the optimism of Classical Liberalism. Ideas which seemed so hopeful during the 19th. century now seemed as naive pious platitudes after W. W. I. Readers should know that Ruggeiro's book was published in 1927 after Bolsheviam took root in the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's (1881-1945)Fascists got control in Italy. Had Ruggeiro written this book later, his "post mortum" would have been more depressing.
Readers who want to be informed about Late Modern European History will benefit from this book. Ruggiero wrote this book with a sense of reality. Ruggiero knew that events and political realities often mitigated and compromised the lofty notions of Classical Liberalism. This book takes time and attention but is worth reading.
April 20, 2013
James E. Egolf
13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Someone Retrieve This One
By Buce
How to build an English garden: you start 300 years ago. Guido de Ruggiero does not quote this old canard but it is a pretty good summary of his views in this book, which cries out to be reprinted. It's about the best succinct summary I ever saw on the topic of how liberal society/government comes into being. He shows compellingly how liberal society is something grown, not created and how 'new' states (including, in his own time, Italy) that merely try to copy some Western example are headed for trouble. As a quick summary of English/British history it is dazzling. As a short course in academic political theory, it would be a good crammer for an exam. It would be an excellent pendant to Richard Pipes' discussion of the "patrimonial" tradition in Russia (in Pipes' 'Russia Under the Old Regime,' which I also review in its place). One detects a strong aroma of this book between the pages of Fareed Zakaria's much-publicized recent book, 'The Future of Freedom.' It is interesting to speculate on how de Ruggiero might have influenced debate on Iraq has he been in wide circulation over the past year or so.
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